Higgins, Mildred Maldonado-Molina, D
Incyclopedia o te Hara Whiu
Malden: MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Chapter: Crime, me te Whiu i roto i te Russia, Kaiwhakaputa: Wiley-Blackwell. Kney The Encyclopedia of Crime me te Whiu e whakarato ana i te tino whānui tohutoro mo te maha nui o ngā kaupapa e hāngai ana ki te hara, me whiu ki te tau arotahi ki runga i te maha interdisciplinary, me te ao i ngā āhuatanga o ēnei kaupapa, me te kōrero i te tirohanga i runga i te hara me te whiu a tawhio noa te ao. Wähi tata ki te ngā tāurunga, i tenei tino taonga tohutoro rauemi tavini rite te nuinga ki runga-ki-te rā me te whānui-kopikopiko rauemi i runga i te hara me te whiu Tuku te ao i te tirohanga i i te rōpū ao o te ārahi i ngā pūkenga, tae atu ki te rohe o te kaha me te tere te tipu te tinana o te mahi i runga i criminology i roto i te Europe, Asia, me ētahi atu wāhanga e Whakaae ana te īnaki o criminology me te justice kirimina ki te maha o te pekanga pērā i te pāpori, i te hinengaro, te tahumaero, te hītori, te ohaoha, me te iwi whānui te hauora, me te ture Urunga i ngā kaupapa kua whakaritea a tawhio noa core lalahi wāhi: te ao, āhuatanga, maha interdisciplinary āhuatanga, crime momo, te faatanoraa, te pirihimana, te ture, te whakawa, te tikanga rangahau, criminological ariā, correlates o te taihara, ngā rōpū me ngā pūtahitanga (U. s.), victimology, me te motuhake taupori Whakaritea, authored, me te Whakatika i te ārahi i ngā pūkenga, katoa o nei e haere mai ki te kaupapa, ki te hi'oraa maitai aru i ngā pūkete, me te ao e tu ana i te Buka. Understanding i te Hou Russian Pirihimana tohu te mutunga o te tekau tau o te rangahau, me te haere tonu te mahi ngātahi i waenganui i te Volgograd Academy o te Russian Take Ā-Tāhuhu (VA MVD), me te Volgograd peka o te Russian Peresideniraa Academy o te Ōhanga ā-Motu, me te Whakahaere Public (VAPA). Ko te pukapuka, e whakarato ana i te wā, me te maramarama I te mana Russian kia rapu ai ki te kōrero i runga i te wāhi i to ratou taputapu haumarutanga whai wāhi i roto i tohe nei ki te whakahaere i te hara, i roto i te meka, e ratou ki te whānuitanga nui te hinga taonga parakete ki te criminalization. Te tikanga o te pirau, me te tekau tau o te tau'a ore i ngā ki te waihanga i tētahi āhuatanga i roto i nei e kore e anake te mahi i te pirihimana, te ope, me te haumarutanga rangatira te whakarato i te ratonga ki te 'haukāinga' te kino, engari te whakahaere i te hara whakarōpūtanga kua hanga i roto i a ratou. Enei kēnge ahu ki te kia tautuhi i to ratou wāhi, me te ture mana, e rua o nei e taea te tukino hoki taihara pito, me te ratou ngā pirihimana me ngā hōia āpiha i te tihi o o ratou mahi mahi whakahau i ngā hanganga. He whenua mo te tumanako inaianei e te Peresideni Putin ko te timatanga ki te riro mōhio o te mahi fifi tenei, notemea hoki Russian haumarutanga national, e kore iti rawa e homai ana i te pakaruhanga toto o te patu ki te taihara, me te pū i te ringa, engari, mo te heke mai tonu, te haumaru taputapu ka noho kino me te criminalised. Te Soviet auau pirihimana kua tipu i roto i te mua tau i te ngoikore te tinana e rapu ana ki te whakarite i te ora o te Soviet tikanga ki i te nui taero kino e tata pūmau te mana. Ka rite ki te Soviet hōia kua whakawhanakehia te arotahi o ona mahi, ko tōna ito, ngaio, me ona hononga ki te rua i te Rōpū, me te KGB kua puta ke i roto i te katoa te wā, te hōia kua tōrangapū, ōhanga, pāpori, engari te toenga i roto i te toru kua wed tei runga i te tikanga o te kāwanatanga. Te hōia, i rite ki te Soviet āhua, ko tēnei wā i roto i te raruraru. Mau tonu te reira i te mea o te rōpū e te ngaro i tona tika i roto i te taupori. Perestroika te whāinga o te hanga i ngā whare kaimahi ki te ture, ko te koi o te ine i ngā mahi. Otiia ara, ki te ope hōia tūao mau pahono ki enei hou tūmanako, no te mea o te titauraa o te pū whakaritea pāpori-te āhua i te wā pirihimana ka noho tatou urutomo roto i te oraraa o te citizenry atu e ngā pirihimana i roto i te Uru manapori hapori. Te kaupapa e hāngai ana ki te te take ki te rangahau i tēnei s rahi e tohu 'angitu' taumira o te take, 'kāore' taumira, me te anō-ture te rongoa. O ia take wānanga i kō atu i te i roto i te-hohonu uiuiraa ki te patunga, korero te ture, kaiwhakawa, me te āpiha pirihimana. Te tuhinga o te whāinga matua ko te ki te haere ki tua atu i noa te tapa i te Russian ture rongoā 'hua' i, engari te arotahi ki runga i pehea enei rongoā mahi i roto i te ranu tōrangapū tikanga rite Russia. Katoa hara i roto i te Russia, kei te tāutuhia e te Federal Waehere Taihara o te tau. I roto i te i te rēhita auau hara pro kopf i, ia, e kī ana Russia i roto i te wahi i roto i ētahi atu whenua i roto i te ao.
Ārahi rēhita crimes ngā tahae, te raau taero e pā ana-hara, me te te tinihanga hara.
Tuhia Russian taihara otinga i roto i te tauwhirowhiro te wā o te perestroika engari tīmata ki te peka ke i muri i. E whai ake nei i te akiaki o te taihara, Russia ite hoki te hua i roto i te maha o rēhita i te hunga hara, me te mau tangata i roto i. Ahakoa te tata i roto i te heke kino, me te hara, i reira he tonu te raruraru o te whakatipu tukurua, te wahine, me te manene hara. I te kāinga, te waipiro haurangi, me te kore o te mahi pūmau te tākaro hoki i te wāhi nui i roto i te whakamārama hara i roto i te Russia.
Ahakoa te whenua o te kaha ki te whakaiti kaitiaki whiu, i tona whare herehere i te taupori i roto i te runga tekau i roto i te ao.
Russia ko te ano tetahi o te runga e toru nga whenua i roto i ngā o te wahine, me te pretrial te whare herehere taupori. Ko te pūtaiao o te Russian criminology whakawhanakehia i roto i te kati i te hononga ki te ture kirimina, me te i teie mahana, te reira noho tonu i tāmau i roto i te hou ture mātauranga. Tenei whakamārama ana he aha i maha criminological rangahau e arotahi ana ki te matua i runga i te ture i te tātari o te ture me te kooti tatauranga o te taihara te wā.
Heoi, i reira ko te whakatipu i te moni i roto i te te whakauru hou criminological ariā me ngā tikanga o te matatini o te tauanga te rangahau i roto i te heke mai rangahau i roto i te taitamariki Russian criminologists.
Te multivariate hokinga kei te mahi mō te tātari raraunga
I teie mahana, i reira ko te āhua o te criminological te mahi i whakaputaina i te tau i roto i te Russia, te nuinga o nei kei te whakaputaina e te kāwanatanga-pūtea rangahau pokapū, me te whare wānanga. Ko te tino paingia ana e rua criminological kaupapa e te interrelated take o te whakaritea kino, me te pirau, ko te take e kua tonu ki te whiu Russian hapori mai i te whakakāhoretanga o te Union Soviet. Tenei pepa e tirohia e rua interrelated take: i te tūranga o te pirihimana rite te faanahoraa o te Russian te hapori, me to ratou wāhi i roto i te mua tau. Tenei rangahau e hāngai ana i runga i te raupapa o te i roto i-hohonu uiuiraa whakahaeretia e te kaituhi i roto i - ki o mua me nāianei, o ngā āpiha pirihimana i roto i te Russian e toru nga pa. Te pepa tohu huringa i roto i te mohio pütahitanga tūranga o te Russian pirihimana mā te whakatairite i ngā pirihimana, ngā āpiha a te' whakaaro i roto i te toru ngā wā: wawe i roto i te waenganui, i te mutunga o te tekau tau i roto i te waenganui, me te waenganui- i roto i s. Te ako i ngā pūrongo e, i roto i te wā wawe, Russian pirihimana i disfranchised i te kāwanatanga me tenei whakarerenga ko te puna o te pütahitanga raruraru tuakiri mō ngā āpiha uruhi ture te hunga e noho ana i runga i te mahi. Tenei tukanga ka honoa ki ngā taumata tiketike o te mahi amuamu, me te mana'o whānui o te"whakarerenga"o te pirihimana nā te kāwanatanga. I te wa ano, ko te reira i roto i tenei pou-wā Soviet, i te whakaaro o te pirihimana rite ki te mahi, ki te hapori i whakaurua a te tahi mau taime manuhiri i roto i te ngaio porowhita o ngā āpiha pirihimana me ētahi atu āpiha a te kāwanatanga. I tua atu, i tēnei wā i tohua e tonu, ahakoa te maha katea, pütahitanga whakahounga me te anti-pirau mehua. I roto i te wā tuarua, te Russian pirihimana i āta whai wāhi hoki ki te kāwanatanga-te hanga i tukanga, e meinga nui ake te mahi pai me te pai i pupuri i te reiti. I te wā kotahi, te wā tuarua whakaaturia te heke o te"pirihimana rite te ratonga"māoritanga me te pō o te paternalistic whakaaro i runga i te pirihimana. I roto i tenei wa, te kāwanatanga, e mau ki te whakahou i te pirihimana, me te anti-pirau mehua ka pūnahanaha, me te pai i whakaritea.
Ano, i roto i te wā tuarua, te mau melo o te kāwanatanga te hapori, ka nui atu te kaha i roto i tono te kawenga takohanga tūmatanui, me te mārama i te Russian pirihimana.
I te pae hopea, te modern wā o te pirihimana whanaketanga e whakaatu ana i te take i roto i te pütahitanga i te tuakiri o te Russian pirihimana kua mārama e hono ana ki te āhua o te kaha. Ko te kupu tenei tukanga i honoa ki te nui haere paternalistic whakaaro i roto i te āpiha pirihimana, me te kore o te"pirihimana rite ki te mahi"te parau haapiiraa. I roto i te taua taiao, te tautooraa e te höu ā-hapori ki te tono tūmatanui mārama, me te kawenga takohanga o te pirihimana kei te maha i tutaki ki ki te riri, me te riri. Ko te pepa te mutunga e atu i te whanaketanga o te Russian pirihimana tei runga i te tūranga e ratou, ka te tākaro i roto i te hou Russian state. Ko te pepa ka whakamārama i te take o te whānui underreporting o te hara i roto i te Volgograd rohe o Russia. Ko te āhuatanga o te iwi whānui te utu ki ngā pirihimana, i mua i te puritia pirihimana hapa, te momo o te hara, me te pārurenga o te taupori kei te whakamahia ki te whakamārama i te pārurenga o te whakatau ki te pūrongo i te hara ki te pirihimana. Te rangahau e hāngai ana i runga i te māngai tauira o te Russian tangata whakahaeretia i runga i te tau i roto i te Volgograd rohe ki te rahi tauira o te wāea te wā. Te ako i mua i te mutunga e kitea pirihimana hapa, tautautefito ki te falsification o te tuhinga, ko te kaha kaimatapae o te patunga' whakatau ki te pūrongo i te hara. Te rangahau i te mau tino whai pānga mo te haere tonu te whakahou o te Russian pirihimana. Whakaaro ‐ ko Te whakaaro o tenei pepa, ko te ki te titiro i āhuatanga matua kawenga mō te hinaaro o te Russian ngä ki te whakapā atu ki ngā pirihimana i roto i te ora-te whakawehi āhuatanga. Kitenga ‐ te Kitenga o tenei ako fokotu'u e uufi tūmatanui matakana, me te amuamu o te pirihimana institution i honoa e ki te wehi o te pirihimana kino, me te kino ngā wheako o mua ki te hara te pūrongo i te kawenga mō te tangata' i te hinaaro ki te whakapā Russian pirihimana. Rangahau here pānga ‐ ko Te kitenga whakapae e rua mauhaa me te normative huarahi ki te pirihimana whaitake e whai hua, no te whakamārama i te take o public-te pirihimana mahi i roto i te Russia. Practical pānga ‐ Pepa hoki kua mahi pānga hāngai ana ki te pirihimana whakahou i roto i te Russia. Taketake uara ‐ whakarato hoki i Te ako i te taketake empirical rangahau i roto i te mua-i raro i te rangahau i te rohe o te iwi whānui-ngā pirihimana te mahi tahi i roto i Russia, me te moni i te matauranga o te Russian pirihimana mā te whakamahi i te-tukanga e hāngai ana tauira o te pirihimana.
